Glassware Flasks

Conical Flask (Product Code: SLE/GFL/01) is a graduated, Erlenmeyer-shaped flask in borosilicate glass, with a wide flat base that tapers to a narrow neck so liquids can be swirled without splashing. It is heat resistant and chemical resistant, and is offered in ten capacities from 10 ml up to 5000 ml. Teachers, students and laboratory staff use it daily for titrations, mixing and heating solutions. It is made by Jain Scientific Equipments Pvt Ltd (ScienceLab), Ambala, as the standard conical flask for school laboratories in India and for international markets.

Specifications

Typical Use

The conical flask is the usual receiving vessel in a titration: the sloping sides let the student swirl the contents continuously while titrant runs in from the burette, and any splashes run back down rather than escaping. It is equally useful for dissolving solids, preparing and holding solutions, simple heating on a wire gauze, and collecting filtrate. The smallest sizes suit micro-scale work, while the 2000 ml to 5000 ml flasks are handy for preparing larger batches of reagent for a whole class.

The graduations give a quick approximate volume; where an exact volume matters, measure with a pipette, burette or measuring cylinder and use the flask as the container. When heating, warm the flask gradually, never heat it empty, and let it cool before placing it on a cold or wet surface — good habits that keep borosilicate glassware in India's busy teaching laboratories in service for longer.

Manufacturer

These flasks are manufactured by Jain Scientific Equipments Private Limited, a company in Ambala, Haryana, that sells its products under the ScienceLab name. Its range spans laboratory glassware, instruments and teaching apparatus for schools, colleges and research institutions. Find out more on the company profile.

Related Laboratory Equipment

Items often used with a conical flask:

• Burette, Class-B, with PTFE Key Stopcock — delivers titrant into the flask during titration
• Gauze Wire, Ceramic Centre — spreads burner heat evenly under the flask
• Flask Tongs — for lifting a hot flask safely
• Conical Flask with Screw Cap — a capped version for storing or transporting solutions
• Conical Flask, Pyrex — an alternative in Pyrex glass

Explore all flask shapes in our Glassware Flasks category.

Frequently Asked Questions

What sizes are available?
10 ml, 25 ml, 50 ml, 100 ml, 250 ml, 500 ml, 1000 ml, 2000 ml, 4000 ml and 5000 ml.

Can I use the graduations to measure volumes?
They are intended as an approximate guide. For accurate volumes, measure with volumetric glassware and transfer the liquid into the flask.

Can the flask be heated over a burner?
Yes, the borosilicate glass is heat resistant. Heat gradually over a wire gauze, never heat it empty, and handle it hot with tongs.

Is it suitable for all chemicals?
It resists most laboratory chemicals. As with all glass, avoid hydrofluoric acid and prolonged contact with hot, strong alkalis.

Does the flask come with a stopper?
A stopper is not listed with this item. If you need one, contact us with the flask size.

What should a school include in its quotation request?
The capacities, quantity per size and delivery location, plus any packing preference for breakable items.

Do you export conical flasks?
Yes, we supply institutions and distributors in India and international markets.

Request a Quote

For a price, send your size-wise requirement through our contact page, or build a list in the enquiry cart and submit it in one go.

Last updated: 24 September 2026

Conical Flask, Pyrex (Product Code: SLE/GFL/02) is a narrow-neck, graduated conical flask in Pyrex glass, heat resistant and chemical resistant, for general chemistry work. It is available in eight sizes from 25 ml to 2000 ml, including a 125 ml size that sits between the usual 100 ml and 250 ml flasks. Schools, colleges and analytical laboratories that specify Pyrex glassware choose it for titrations, solution preparation and heating. It is supplied by Jain Scientific Equipments Pvt Ltd (ScienceLab), Ambala, a lab glassware supplier in India and international markets.

Specifications

Typical Use

The narrow neck keeps splashing and evaporation down while the flask is swirled, and it accepts a stopper or cotton plug when the contents need to be covered. That makes this flask a good receiving vessel for titrations, a container for dissolving and mixing reagents, and a vessel for gentle heating on a tripod and gauze. The 125 ml size is a convenient middle option for student titrations where 100 ml feels cramped and 250 ml is more than needed.

Treat the printed graduations as a guide rather than a measurement, heat the flask gradually, and let it cool naturally before washing. For departments standardising on a single glass type across their chemistry lab glassware in India, this Pyrex flask can sit alongside the Pyrex beakers in our range.

Supplier

This flask is supplied by Jain Scientific Equipments Private Limited, which trades as ScienceLab and is based in Ambala, Haryana, India. Alongside the glassware and apparatus it makes, the company sources items such as this one so that laboratories can order a complete list from one place. Background on the business is on our company profile.

Related Glassware Flasks

Related flasks and the accessories used with them:

• Conical Flask — borosilicate version with a wider range of sizes
• Flask, Conical, Wide Neck — for when a wider opening is easier to fill or clean
• Rubber Cork — for closing the narrow neck
• Tripod Cast Iron Varnished — supports the flask and gauze over a burner
• Flask Tongs — for handling the flask when it is hot

Our full Glassware Flasks category lists every flask type.

Frequently Asked Questions

How is this different from your standard Conical Flask?
This model is listed in Pyrex glass with a narrow neck, in sizes from 25 ml to 2000 ml including 125 ml. The standard Conical Flask is made in borosilicate glass and covers a wider size range, including larger flasks.

Is this flask made by ScienceLab?
It is listed as a supplied item: ScienceLab supplies it together with the glassware it manufactures, so it can be ordered on the same quotation.

Which sizes can I order?
25 ml, 50 ml, 100 ml, 125 ml, 250 ml, 500 ml, 1000 ml and 2000 ml.

Why choose a narrow neck?
It reduces splashing and evaporation during swirling and heating, and it is easy to close with a stopper or cotton plug.

Can I confirm the glass marking or documentation before ordering?
Yes. Please contact us with the sizes you need and any documentation your purchase process requires.

Is bulk or export supply possible?
Yes, we supply schools, colleges and distributors in India and international markets.

Request a Quote

Send the sizes and quantities through our contact page, or add the flask to the enquiry cart with the rest of your order list.

Last updated: 24 September 2026

Conical Flask With Joint (Product Code: SLE/GFL/03) is a graduated borosilicate conical flask whose neck is formed as a joint, so it can be closed or connected to matching jointed glassware instead of relying on a loose stopper. Heat resistant and chemical resistant, it is ideal for mixing liquids and is used in college, university and research chemistry laboratories that assemble jointed apparatus. It is manufactured by Jain Scientific Equipments Pvt Ltd (ScienceLab), Ambala, a laboratory glassware manufacturer and chemistry lab instruments supplier to India and international markets.

Key Details

Typical Use

The flat base and conical body make this flask stable on the bench and easy to swirl, which is why it is favoured for mixing liquids and dissolving solids. On a hot plate magnetic stirrer the conical shape keeps a stirring bar centred while the joint at the neck lets the flask be closed with a matching stopper or linked to other jointed items — for example a condenser for gentle reflux or an adapter in a small assembly — provided the joint sizes match.

Keep ground joints clean and free of solid particles before assembly, as grit can prevent a good seal or cause the parts to stick. Separate joints after use rather than leaving them assembled, and rinse the flask promptly so residues do not dry in the joint.

Manufacturer

The flask is made by Jain Scientific Equipments Private Limited, an Ambala, Haryana company that trades under the ScienceLab brand and serves teaching and research laboratories. For an overview of its activities and product families, please see our company profile.

Related Laboratory Equipment

Equipment commonly used with a jointed conical flask:

• Magnetic Stirrer With Hot Plate — for stirring and warming liquids in the flask
• Liebig Condenser — a condenser for jointed set-ups; check the joint size matches
• Round Bottom Flask — the usual choice when heating in a mantle or under strong reflux
• Conical Flask — the plain-neck version for everyday titration and mixing

See the full Glassware Flasks range for other shapes.

Frequently Asked Questions

What joint size does the flask have?
The joint size is not given in our current listing. Please contact us with the size you need so we can confirm availability.

Which capacities are available?
Capacities are not listed on this page. Tell us the volume you want in your enquiry and we will confirm.

Is a stopper included?
A stopper is not listed as included. Ask for a matching stopper when you enquire if you need one.

Can it be heated?
Yes, the borosilicate glass is heat resistant. Heat gradually and, for vigorous boiling under reflux, a round bottom flask is often the better choice.

How do I stop the joint from sticking?
Keep the joint surfaces clean, do not leave items assembled for long periods, and separate them while the glass is at room temperature.

Do you supply universities and distributors in quantity?
Yes, we supply institutions and distributors across India and international markets.

Request a Quote

Give us the capacity, joint size and quantity through our contact page, or add this flask to the enquiry cart for a combined quotation.

Last updated: 24 September 2026

Baffled Culture Flask (Product Code: SLE/GFL/04) is a borosilicate glass flask with four equidistant baffles, designed for preparing and growing liquid cultures on an orbital shaker. The baffles break up the smooth swirl of the liquid so agitation stays consistent when the flask is run on a compatible shaker, and the glass withstands repeated autoclave cycles at 121°C. It serves microbiology, biotechnology and life-science teaching laboratories, and is manufactured by Jain Scientific Equipments Pvt Ltd (ScienceLab), Ambala, as part of its microbiology lab equipment for India and international markets.

Specifications

Typical Use

A typical workflow is to add the liquid growth medium, close the neck with a cotton or foam plug or a foil cover, sterilise the flask in a laboratory autoclave sterilizer at 121°C, and inoculate it once cool. The flask is then clamped on an orbital shaker for incubation. In a plain flask the liquid tends to spin as a smooth vortex; the four baffles interrupt that motion, creating more turbulence so the culture is mixed more evenly and exposed to more air at the surface.

Fill the flask only partly so there is enough headspace for mixing, and choose shaker settings that avoid wetting the plug. Clean around the baffles with a suitable brush after use, and inspect the glass for chips or cracks before each autoclave run.

Manufacturer

ScienceLab is the trading identity of Jain Scientific Equipments Private Limited, a manufacturer of glassware and laboratory equipment located in Ambala, Haryana, India. Its customers include schools, colleges, universities and distributors. You can find out more about the company on the company profile page.

Related Laboratory Equipment

Equipment used in the same culture workflow:

• Orbital Shaker — provides the agitation the baffles are designed for
• Orbital Shaker, Digital — a shaker with digital control of settings
• Electric Autoclave — for sterilising media in the flask
• Autoclave Tape — shows at a glance that a flask has been through a sterilisation cycle
• Petri Dish Glass With Lid — for plating samples taken from the liquid culture

Find more flask types in our Glassware Flasks category.

Frequently Asked Questions

What do the baffles do?
The four equidistant baffles disturb the swirling liquid on an orbital shaker, giving more consistent agitation and mixing than a plain flask.

Can the flask be autoclaved many times?
Yes, it is suitable for repeated autoclave cycles at 121°C. Check the glass for damage before each cycle.

Will it fit my orbital shaker?
It is intended for compatible orbital shakers. Shaker platforms hold flasks with clamps of specific sizes, so please contact us with your shaker details and the flask size you need.

What capacities are available?
Capacity options are not stated in our listing. Tell us the volume you require and we will confirm availability.

Is a cap or closure included?
No closure is listed with the flask. Laboratories commonly use a cotton or foam plug or a foil cover.

Do you supply culture flasks for institutions and export?
Yes, we supply laboratories and distributors in India and international markets.

Request a Quote

Request a price through our contact page, or add the flask to the enquiry cart together with shakers or autoclave accessories.

Last updated: 24 September 2026

Conical Flask with Screw Cap (Product Code: SLE/GFL/05) is a graduated borosilicate conical flask closed with a plastic screw cap, so solutions can be sealed, shaken, stored or carried without a loose stopper. It is heat resistant and chemical resistant, and comes in 50 ml, 100 ml, 250 ml and 500 ml capacities. Laboratory staff use it for keeping prepared reagents and samples covered between sessions. It is made by Jain Scientific Equipments Pvt Ltd (ScienceLab), Ambala, a lab glassware manufacturer in India that also supplies international markets.

Specifications

Typical Use

The screw cap turns an ordinary conical flask into a closed container. Teachers prepare a stock solution or a pH buffer solution ahead of a practical, cap it to limit evaporation and dust, and label it for the class. The cap also lets a mixture be shaken by hand without spilling, and the flask can carry field or water samples back to the laboratory. The graduations help when making up approximate volumes directly in the flask.

Because the listing gives the cap only as plastic, take it off before heating the flask on a hot plate or placing it in an autoclave unless we have confirmed the cap's temperature rating for you. Tighten the cap by hand only, and store flasks upright with the contents labelled and dated.

Manufacturer

This flask is manufactured by Jain Scientific Equipments Private Limited, whose products are sold as ScienceLab. The company is based in Ambala, Haryana, India, and makes glassware and teaching apparatus for laboratories of all levels. More information is available on the company profile.

Related Laboratory Equipment

Suggested items for preparing and storing solutions:

• Polypropylene Conical Flask with Screw Cap — a plastic alternative where breakage is a concern
• Conical Flask — open-neck borosilicate flask for titration and heating
• Reagent Bottle, Narrow Mouth — for longer-term storage of stock reagents
• Hot Plate Magnetic Stirrer — for dissolving solids before the flask is capped

Other flask designs are in our Glassware Flasks category.

Frequently Asked Questions

What sizes are available?
50 ml, 100 ml, 250 ml and 500 ml.

Is the cap included?
Yes, the flask is listed with a plastic screw cap.

Can I heat or autoclave the flask with the cap on?
The glass is heat resistant, but the cap's heat rating is not stated. Remove the cap before heating, or contact us to confirm the cap specification.

Can I order spare caps?
Spare caps are not listed separately. Let us know the quantity and flask size in your enquiry.

Is the seal leakproof for transport?
The screw cap closes the flask securely for everyday handling. For shipping hazardous liquids, follow your own transport rules and packaging requirements.

Can laboratories buy these in bulk?
Yes, we supply schools, colleges, testing laboratories and distributors in India and international markets.

Request a Quote

Tell us the sizes and quantities through our contact page, or add this flask to the enquiry cart and request one quotation for your list.

Last updated: 24 September 2026

Conical Filter Flask (Product Code: SLE/GFL/06) is a graduated borosilicate glass flask used as the collecting vessel in vacuum (suction) filtration, where a Buchner funnel sits in its neck and suction draws liquid quickly through the filter paper. Heat resistant and chemical resistant, it is offered in 100 ml, 250 ml, 500 ml, 1000 ml and 5000 ml sizes, from small student preparations to large batch filtrations. It is manufactured by Jain Scientific Equipments Pvt Ltd (ScienceLab), Ambala, a laboratory glassware supplier in India and international markets.

Specifications

Typical Use

For suction filtration, fit a Buchner funnel into the flask neck with a rubber bung or cone, place a filter paper in the funnel and wet it, then connect the flask's side outlet to a water-jet filter pump or vacuum pump with thick-walled tubing. When suction is applied, the filtrate is pulled into the flask and the solid is left as a compact cake on the paper — the standard way to collect crystals after recrystallisation and a routine piece of chemistry lab equipment for schools in India and colleges alike. The graduations show roughly how much filtrate has been collected.

Clamp the flask so it cannot tip over, and inspect it for scratches or chips before each use under vacuum. Release the vacuum before switching off a water-jet pump to stop water sucking back, and never heat the flask while it is under reduced pressure.

Manufacturer

The filter flask is produced by Jain Scientific Equipments Private Limited, which uses the trading name ScienceLab and operates from Ambala in Haryana, India. The company makes glassware and apparatus for teaching and analytical laboratories and supplies institutions and dealers. Details are on our company profile.

Related Laboratory Equipment

Everything needed to complete a vacuum filtration set-up:

• Buchner Funnel, 90 mm, Porcelain — the funnel that sits in the flask neck
• Buchner Bungs (Black) — seal the funnel into the flask
• Filter Pump, Borosilicate Glass — a water-jet pump to create suction
• Vacuum Tubing — connects the flask to the pump
• Filter Paper — the filter medium placed in the funnel

Compare other flask types in Glassware Flasks.

Frequently Asked Questions

Which sizes can be ordered?
100 ml, 250 ml, 500 ml, 1000 ml and 5000 ml.

Is a Buchner funnel or bung included?
No, the flask is listed on its own. Buchner funnels, bungs, tubing and filter paper are available separately from the list above.

What size Buchner funnel should I use?
It depends on the flask capacity and the neck opening. Please contact us with the flask size and we will suggest a matching funnel and bung.

What vacuum source works with it?
A water-jet filter pump is common in teaching labs; an electric or hand vacuum pump can also be used with suitable tubing.

How should I use it safely under vacuum?
Check for glass damage before use, clamp the flask firmly, keep the set-up at room temperature, and release suction gradually at the end.

Do you take bulk and overseas orders?
Yes, we supply institutions and distributors in India and international markets.

Request a Quote

Send us the sizes and quantities via the contact page, or add the flask and its accessories to the enquiry cart for one quotation.

Last updated: 24 September 2026

Evaporating Flask (Product Code: SLE/GFL/07) is a borosilicate glass flask for concentrating solutions by removing solvent, typically with gentle heating and often under reduced pressure. It is heat resistant and chemical resistant, carries graduations that show how far a solution has been reduced, and is made in 100 ml, 250 ml, 500 ml, 1000 ml and 5000 ml capacities. Research, pharmacy and chemistry laboratories use it alongside laboratory distillation apparatus in India and abroad. It is manufactured by Jain Scientific Equipments Pvt Ltd (ScienceLab), Ambala.

Specifications

Typical Use

An evaporating flask holds the solution while its solvent is driven off, leaving a more concentrated solution or a solid residue — for example after an extraction, when a plant extract or reaction product needs to be recovered from a large volume of solvent. The flask is usually warmed in a laboratory water bath, and reducing the pressure lowers the boiling point so heat-sensitive material is not overheated. The graduations let the operator see at a glance how much liquid remains and stop at the required volume.

Fill the flask to no more than about half its volume so there is room for the liquid to boil without bumping into the connections, and warm it gradually. If the flask is to be used on an existing evaporator or jointed assembly, check the neck or joint compatibility with us first. The large 5000 ml size helps where bulk solvent has to be removed in a single run.

Manufacturer

The Evaporating Flask comes from Jain Scientific Equipments Private Limited, which trades as ScienceLab and is based in Ambala, Haryana, India. Registered with the Ministry of Corporate Affairs under CIN U29309HR2020PTC087597, the company manufactures at its licensed factory at 449, HSIIDC Industrial Area, Saha, Ambala, under Factory Licence AMB-ONLINE-CHD-J-414. See the company profile for further details.

Related Laboratory Equipment

Equipment used in the same evaporation workflow:

• Water Bath — gentle, even heating for the flask
• Vacuum Pump, Electric — lowers the pressure so solvent evaporates at a lower temperature
• Pear Shaped Flask — convenient for concentrating small final volumes
• Round Bottom Flask — for heating and distillation steps in the same procedure
• Flask Tongs — for handling the warm flask

Browse related shapes in our Glassware Flasks category.

Frequently Asked Questions

What capacities are available?
100 ml, 250 ml, 500 ml, 1000 ml and 5000 ml.

Will this flask fit my rotary evaporator?
Compatibility depends on the neck or joint your evaporator uses, which is not stated in our listing. Please contact us with your model details before ordering.

How full should the flask be?
Keep it to about half full or less, so the liquid has space to boil and does not bump into the vapour path.

Can it be used under vacuum?
Evaporating flasks are commonly used at reduced pressure. Inspect the glass for scratches or cracks before each use and apply and release vacuum gradually.

Is a calibration certificate available for the graduations?
Please discuss any calibration documentation needs with us via the contact page. The graduations are intended for monitoring volume during evaporation.

What should a laboratory include in its quotation request?
Capacities and quantities, your evaporator or joint details if relevant, and the delivery address.

Do you supply these for export?
Yes, we supply laboratories and distributors in India and international markets.

Request a Quote

Ask for pricing through our contact page, or add the flask to the enquiry cart with the other items for your evaporation set-up.

Last updated: 24 September 2026

Distillation Flask (Product Code: SLE/GFL/08) is a borosilicate glass flask with a built-in side arm, used in chemical laboratories to separate liquid mixtures by distillation: the mixture is heated in the bulb, the vapour leaves through the side arm into a condenser, and the condensed liquid is collected separately. Chemistry teachers, lab technicians and students in schools, colleges and universities use it for simple distillation practicals. It is manufactured by Jain Scientific Equipments Pvt Ltd (ScienceLab), Ambala, as part of the borosilicate glassware it supplies across India and international markets.

Specifications

Typical Use

In a standard simple-distillation practical the flask is filled to no more than about half its volume with the mixture — salt water or an ethanol–water solution, for example — and a few anti-bumping granules are added for smooth boiling. The neck is closed with a stopper carrying a thermometer whose bulb sits level with the side-arm opening, so the reading shows the temperature of the vapour actually leaving the flask. The side arm is then joined to a condenser and the distillate collected in a receiver. Since the flask sits at the heart of any laboratory distillation apparatus and is heated and cooled again and again, borosilicate glass is the practical material for it.

Match the size to the batch: the 100 mL and 125 mL flasks, with their 7 mm side tubes, suit student-scale bench work, while the 250 mL and 500 mL flasks carry a wider 9 mm side tube and a longer 130 mm arm for larger volumes and demonstrations. Heat gradually with a heating mantle or over a wire gauze, clamp the flask at the neck rather than the bulb, and let it cool fully before rinsing.

Manufacturer

This flask is made by Jain Scientific Equipments Private Limited, a company that trades as ScienceLab from its base in Ambala, Haryana, producing laboratory glassware and teaching apparatus for schools, colleges and laboratories. An overview of the business is available on our company profile page.

Related Laboratory Equipment

Items usually assembled with this flask for a complete distillation set-up:

• Liebig Condenser — connects to the side arm and cools the vapour back to liquid
• Heating Mantle — flame-free heat source for the flask bulb
• Retort Clamp Three Finger — holds the flask securely by the neck on a stand
• Rubber Cork — seals the flask neck around the thermometer
• Conical Flask — a convenient receiver for the collected distillate

See every flask style we make in the Glassware Flasks category.

Frequently Asked Questions

Which capacities can I order?
The flask is listed in 100 mL, 125 mL, 250 mL and 500 mL capacities. The dimensions of each size are given in the specifications table above.

How do the side arms differ between sizes?
The 100 mL and 125 mL flasks have a 7 mm side tube with a 100 mm arm; the 250 mL and 500 mL flasks have a 9 mm side tube with a 130 mm arm. Check that your condenser inlet or connecting tubing suits the tube diameter you choose.

Can it be heated over a Bunsen burner?
Yes, borosilicate glass is heat resistant, but heat through a wire gauze or use a heating mantle so the bulb warms evenly. Never heat the flask empty, and avoid placing a hot flask on a cold or wet surface.

Are a condenser, thermometer and stopper included?
This listing is for the flask itself. Condensers, corks and clamps are listed separately; contact us if you would like a quotation for a complete distillation set.

How should the flask be cleaned after use?
Let it cool, empty any residue, then wash with laboratory detergent and a soft bottle brush and rinse with distilled water. Remove stubborn deposits by soaking rather than scraping, which can scratch the glass.

What warranty applies?
Warranty terms are stated with each quotation — please ask us for the current terms.

Can you supply school or export quantities?
Yes. Send the capacities, quantity of each and the delivery location in India or abroad, and we will reply with pricing and dispatch details for your institution or distributorship.

Request a Quote

For prices on one or more sizes, contact us or add this flask to your enquiry cart with the capacities and quantities you need.

Last updated: 24 September 2026

Pear Shaped Flask (Product Code: SLE/GFL/09) is a borosilicate glass flask with a tapering, pear-shaped body that lets a distillation be continued until only a small bulk of liquid is left in the flask. Working down to that small volume reduces losses from thermal decomposition, which makes the flask well suited to semi-micro distillations in college, university and research chemistry labs. It is manufactured by Jain Scientific Equipments Pvt Ltd (ScienceLab), Ambala, as one of the specialised pieces of chemistry lab glassware in its flask range.

Specifications

Typical Use

The flask comes into its own when the quantity being distilled is small — purifying a few millilitres of a synthesised liquid in an organic chemistry practical, or recovering a solvent from a small extract. As the level falls, the remaining liquid collects in the narrow lower part of the pear instead of spreading into a thin film across a wide base, so the last portion can still be distilled rather than overheated. Like other borosilicate laboratory glassware, it copes with the repeated heating and cooling of routine lab work.

The 50 ml and 100 ml sizes are the usual choice for semi-micro work, while the 250 ml and 500 ml flasks handle larger crude batches that will later be reduced. Heat in a water or oil bath for even warming of the tapered base, clamp the flask by its neck, and stop before the flask boils dry. The graduations give a quick visual check of the volume remaining.

Manufacturer

ScienceLab is the trading name of Jain Scientific Equipments Private Limited, an Ambala, Haryana company that makes glassware and apparatus for teaching and analytical laboratories. Read about the company, its location and product lines on our company profile.

Related Laboratory Equipment

Useful companions for small-scale distillation with this flask:

• Pear Shaped Flask with Two Neck — the same shape with an extra angled side neck for a thermometer or addition
• Liebig Condenser — condenses the vapour driven off from the flask
• Water Bath — gentle, even heating around the tapered base
• Three Prong Swivel Clamp — grips the neck and can be angled to line up with the condenser
• Round Bottom Flask — the better choice for larger routine batches

Compare other shapes and neck styles in our Glassware Flasks range.

Frequently Asked Questions

Why use a pear shaped flask instead of a round bottom flask?
Because the pear shape lets you distil down to a small bulk, which reduces losses from thermal decomposition at the end of a run. For larger volumes where the final residue matters less, a round bottom flask is the simpler option.

What sizes are available?
50 ml, 100 ml, 250 ml and 500 ml. Mixed-size orders can be quoted together.

Does the neck have a ground-glass joint?
The neck finish and joint size are not specified in our current listing for this flask. Please contact us with the joint size your condenser uses and we will confirm what can be supplied.

Can the graduations be used for accurate measurement?
They are intended as a guide to the volume in the flask. For accurate volumes, measure the liquid with volumetric glassware before transferring it.

What information should an institutional quotation include?
List the capacities and quantities required, the delivery address and any tender reference, and send it through our contact page or enquiry cart.

Do you ship outside India?
Yes, ScienceLab supplies laboratories and distributors in India and international markets; export packing and shipping terms are confirmed with the quotation.

Request a Quote

Tell us the sizes you need through our contact form, or place the flask in your enquiry cart and send one combined request.

Last updated: 24 September 2026

Flat Bottom Flask, Wide Neck (Product Code: SLE/GFL/10) is a graduated borosilicate glass flask that stands upright on the bench on its own and has a broad, beaded-rim mouth for easy filling, pouring and cleaning. Teachers and technicians use it for heating and mixing liquids, preparing solutions and assembling simple gas-preparation set-ups. It is part of the everyday chemistry lab equipment for schools and colleges manufactured by Jain Scientific Equipments Pvt Ltd (ScienceLab) in Ambala, India.

Specifications

Typical Use

Because it rests steadily without a ring or clamp, this flask is handy for warming water or solutions, dissolving solids and holding reagents between steps of a practical. The wide mouth takes a two-hole stopper comfortably, so in school chemistry it is often fitted with a thistle funnel and delivery tube to prepare gases such as hydrogen or carbon dioxide. For heating, set it on a tripod stand lab set-up with a wire gauze, or on a hot plate, and warm it gradually.

The six capacities from 50 ml to 2000 ml cover everything from a single student’s reagent to a stock solution for the whole class. The graduations give an approximate reading of the contents, and the beaded rim helps the mouth resist chipping during frequent handling and washing.

Manufacturer

Produced by Jain Scientific Equipments Private Limited, known to customers by its brand name ScienceLab. The company operates from Ambala in Haryana and serves educational and scientific buyers in India and international markets; more background is on the company profile page.

Related Laboratory Equipment

Equipment commonly used with a flat bottom flask when heating or handling liquids:

• Tripod, Stainless Steel — supports the flask above a burner
• Gauze Wire, Ceramic Centre — spreads the flame’s heat evenly under the flat base
• Hot Plate General Purpose — a flame-free way to heat the flask
• Flask Tongs — for lifting the flask safely when it is hot
• Round Bottom Flask, Wide Neck — the round-bottom alternative for mantle heating and refluxing

The full selection is listed under Glassware Flasks.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the advantage of the wide neck?
It makes it easier to add solids, pour liquids, fit larger stoppers and reach inside with a brush for cleaning.

Why does the flask have a beaded rim?
The thickened bead reinforces the mouth, which helps reduce chipping and gives a firmer edge for handling.

Which capacities are offered?
50 ml, 100 ml, 250 ml, 500 ml, 1000 ml and 2000 ml.

Can I use it under vacuum?
No. Flat-bottomed flasks are not designed to take reduced pressure; use a round bottom flask or a filter flask intended for vacuum work.

Is a stopper supplied?
Stoppers are not part of this listing. Corks and stoppers are available separately — contact us with the capacity and we will suggest a suitable size.

Can you supply a full set of sizes to a school?
Yes. Send the quantity of each capacity and the delivery address, and we will prepare a quotation for the whole set.

Request a Quote

Ask for pricing through our contact page, or add this flask to the enquiry cart with other glassware you need.

Last updated: 24 September 2026

Iodine Flask (Product Code: SLE/GFL/11) is a stoppered borosilicate glass flask made for the determination of iodine. Its ground joint and stopper let the reaction mixture be closed off while it stands, so volatile iodine is not lost before titration, and its thick, uniform walls stand up to regular handling. Analytical chemistry teachers, pharmacy and food-testing labs and quality-control technicians use it for iodometric work. It is manufactured by Jain Scientific Equipments Pvt Ltd (ScienceLab), Ambala, for volumetric analysis in teaching and testing laboratories.

Specifications

Typical Use

In a typical iodometric determination the sample is placed in the flask with potassium iodide and acid, the stopper is seated in the ground joint, and the flask is left to stand — often in the dark — while iodine is liberated. The stopper and neck are then rinsed into the flask and the iodine is titrated with sodium thiosulphate, adding starch indicator near the end point. The same closed-flask routine is used for iodine value of oils and fats, available chlorine in bleaching powder and other classic exercises where students work with iodine solution in the lab.

Choose 250 ml for routine student titrations and 500 ml where the method calls for larger reagent volumes. Both capacities are listed with either a 24/29 or a 29/32 joint, so specify the size that matches any spare stoppers or accessories you already hold. Keep the ground surfaces clean and dry, and never force a stopper that has seized.

Manufacturer

The flask is manufactured by Jain Scientific Equipments Private Limited, which sells under the ScienceLab brand from Ambala, Haryana. The company is a registered MSME enterprise (Udyam UDYAM-HR-01-0003714) and ships export orders under Importer-Exporter Code AAECJ8618A issued by the DGFT. More details are on our company profile.

Related Laboratory Equipment

Apparatus and reagents used alongside the iodine flask in an iodometric titration:

• Burette, Class-B, with PTFE Key Stopcock — delivers the thiosulphate titrant
• Sodium Thiosulphate(Thio) — the usual titrant for liberated iodine
• Potassium Iodide — reagent that releases iodine from the sample
• Starch Powder — for preparing the starch end-point indicator
• Conical Flask With Joint — a jointed flask for general titration and reflux work

Browse all styles in the Glassware Flasks category.

Frequently Asked Questions

How is an iodine flask different from an ordinary conical flask?
It has a ground joint and stopper, so the mixture can be sealed while iodine is being liberated. An open flask can lose volatile iodine and give a low result.

Is the stopper included?
Yes, the flask is listed with its ground joint and stopper.

Which joint size should I order?
Both 250 ml and 500 ml flasks are listed with 24/29 or 29/32 joints. If you have no existing stoppers to match, either works; just state the joint size clearly on your enquiry.

What if a stopper sticks?
Do not force it. Warm the neck gently with warm water and ease the stopper with a twisting motion; keeping joints clean and dry after use helps prevent seizing.

Is a calibration certificate available?
Documentation depends on the order — please contact us to discuss your requirements before ordering.

Can you supply laboratories abroad?
Yes. We supply institutions and distributors in India and international markets; send the capacity, joint size and quantity for a quotation.

Request a Quote

Send your requirement via our contact page or add the iodine flask to your enquiry cart, noting the capacity and joint size for each line.

Last updated: 24 September 2026

Pear Shaped Flask with Two Neck (Product Code: SLE/GFL/12) is a small borosilicate reaction flask with a 14/23 centre joint and a second neck set at 25° to the side. The centre neck typically carries a condenser while the angled side neck takes a thermometer, an addition funnel or a gas inlet, which makes the flask practical for microscale synthesis and small reflux or distillation runs in college and research chemistry labs. It is manufactured by Jain Scientific Equipments Pvt Ltd (ScienceLab), Ambala.

Specifications

Typical Use

A common arrangement is to fit a reflux condenser to the 14/23 centre neck and use the side neck to monitor the reaction temperature or to add a reagent drop by drop while the mixture boils gently. Because the side neck leans out at 25°, the thermometer or funnel stays clear of the condenser and clamps above it. Pear-shaped flasks are generally preferred for small charges, as the tapered base keeps a few millilitres of liquid together instead of spreading it thinly over a wide bottom.

Pick the 50 mL flask for microscale student preparations and the 100 mL flask when a little more working volume is needed. Heat in a water or oil bath rather than over a direct flame, support the flask by the centre neck, and make sure the apparatus is always open to the air through the condenser — never heat a sealed system.

Manufacturer

Jain Scientific Equipments Private Limited makes this two-neck flask and markets it under the ScienceLab name. The company is located in Ambala, Haryana, and its glassware reaches teaching and research laboratories in India and international markets. See the company profile for more about us.

Related Laboratory Equipment

Glassware and fittings that complete a small-scale reaction or distillation set-up:

• Pear Shaped Flask — the single-neck version for simple small-volume distillation
• Round Bottom Flask With Two Neck — a two-neck option for larger batches
• Liebig Condenser — condenser for reflux or distillation (check the joint matches 14/23)
• Universal Clamp — holds the small flask firmly by its centre neck
• Water Bath Kit for Hotplates — gentle bath heating for the pear-shaped base

Other single, two-neck and wide-neck designs are listed in Glassware Flasks.

Frequently Asked Questions

What joint sizes do the two necks have?
The centre neck is 14/23. The side socket size is not given in our current listing, so please contact us and we will confirm it before you order.

Why is the side neck angled?
Setting it at 25° spreads the two openings apart, so a thermometer, dropping funnel or gas inlet can be fitted without clashing with the condenser on the centre neck.

Which capacities are available?
50 mL and 100 mL. Both are listed with a 100 mm overall height and a 14/23 centre joint.

Will it fit my existing ground-glass apparatus?
It connects directly to any fitting with a 14/23 cone on the centre neck. For larger joints, a suitable reduction adapter is needed.

Is there a warranty?
Warranty terms are confirmed at the time of quotation — contact us for the current terms.

How do I order for a college laboratory?
Send the capacity, quantity, delivery location and any purchase or tender reference, and we will return a formal quotation.

Request a Quote

Please contact us for prices, or add this flask to your enquiry cart together with any condensers and clamps you need.

Last updated: 24 September 2026

Round Bottom Flask (Product Code: SLE/GFL/13) is a graduated borosilicate glass flask with a spherical body and a narrow neck, the standard boiling vessel for heating, refluxing and distilling liquids. The curved base spreads heat evenly with no corners to stress the glass, and the narrow neck limits splashing and evaporation. School, college and university chemistry labs looking for a dependable round bottom flask in India and abroad order it from Jain Scientific Equipments Pvt Ltd (ScienceLab), Ambala, which manufactures it in five capacities.

Specifications

Typical Use

Round bottom flasks are the boiling vessel in most distillation apparatus and reflux set-ups: the flask sits in a heating mantle or is clamped over a burner and gauze, a condenser is fitted above or to the side, and the liquid is boiled with anti-bumping granules. Students also use them for preparing esters, heating mixtures under reflux and demonstrating fractional distillation. The narrow neck accepts a single- or two-hole stopper for a thermometer or delivery tube.

Because the base is curved, the flask will not stand by itself — always support it in a clamp, a mantle or a cork ring. Fill it to no more than about half for boiling, heat gradually, and read the graduations only as an approximate guide to volume. The 50 ml and 100 ml sizes suit individual student work; the 500 ml and 1000 ml flasks are useful for demonstrations and preparing larger quantities.

Manufacturer

This flask comes from Jain Scientific Equipments Private Limited, whose products carry the ScienceLab name. The firm is headquartered in Ambala, Haryana, a long-standing centre of scientific instrument making in India. Learn more on our company profile.

Related Laboratory Equipment

Heating and support equipment chosen with round bottom flasks:

• Heating Mantle 1000ml — cradles and heats the round base evenly
• Block Heater, Round Bottom Flasks — dry block heating for round-bottomed vessels
• Retort Clamp Four Finger — grips the neck firmly on a retort stand
• Rubber stoppers with holes of different diameters — to carry a thermometer or delivery tube in the neck
• Round Bottom Flask With Two Neck — when a second opening is needed for additions

Explore more options in our Glassware Flasks category.

Frequently Asked Questions

Why use a round bottom rather than a flat bottom flask for boiling?
The even curvature heats uniformly and has no corners where stress can build up, so it is the usual choice for prolonged boiling, reflux and distillation.

How does this narrow-neck version differ from the wide-neck one?
The narrow neck takes a smaller stopper and reduces loss by splashing or evaporation. The wide-neck version is easier to fill with solids and to clean.

What capacities are listed?
50 ml, 100 ml, 250 ml, 500 ml and 1000 ml.

Does the neck have a standard ground joint?
This listing describes a plain narrow neck. If you need a jointed flask for interchangeable apparatus, contact us with the joint size and we will advise.

How should the flask be stored?
Store it upright in a cork ring or flask rack so the round base cannot roll, and keep it away from bench edges.

Do you accept bulk and export orders?
Yes. Share the sizes, quantities and delivery destination, and we will quote for supply within India or to international markets.

Request a Quote

Get a price by writing to us through the contact page, or collect several items in the enquiry cart and submit them together.

Last updated: 24 September 2026

Round Bottom Flask, Wide Neck (Product Code: SLE/GFL/14) combines the even-heating spherical body of a round bottom flask with a broad opening that makes it easy to add solids, drop in a stirring bar and reach inside for cleaning. Made in graduated borosilicate glass, it is used for heating reaction mixtures, dissolving solids and recrystallising products in college and research chemistry laboratories. The flask is manufactured by Jain Scientific Equipments Pvt Ltd (ScienceLab), Ambala, as part of the laboratory glassware it supplies to institutions in India and international markets.

Specifications

Typical Use

The wide mouth is chosen when a procedure involves solids or thick mixtures — weighing a powdered reagent straight into the flask, scraping out crystals after recrystallisation, or working with viscous liquids that would cling to a narrow neck. Placed in a heating mantle with a built-in magnetic stirrer, the flask keeps its contents moving while they are heated, and the broad opening leaves room for a stopper that carries both a thermometer and a condenser adapter.

Support the curved base in the mantle or with a clamp on the neck, since the flask cannot stand unaided. Choose a mantle that matches the flask capacity so the glass is in full contact with the heating surface. After use, the wide neck lets a brush reach the whole interior, which makes this flask easier to return to a clean state than its narrow-neck counterpart.

Manufacturer

Manufactured by Jain Scientific Equipments Private Limited of Ambala, Haryana, a company that trades as ScienceLab and makes glassware and apparatus for educational and scientific laboratories. Details of the company are on our company profile.

Related Laboratory Equipment

Heating, stirring and support items that suit a wide-neck round bottom flask:

• Heating Mantle With Stirrer (Rota Mantle) — heats and stirs the contents together
• Multi Position Heating Mantle — runs several flasks side by side in a class practical
• Rubber Stoppers without Holes Of Different Diameters — closes the wide neck for storage or shaking
• Retort Stand — the upright support for clamping the flask neck
• Round Bottom Flask — the narrow-neck version for distillation and reflux

All flask types are grouped in the Glassware Flasks category.

Frequently Asked Questions

When should I choose the wide neck over the narrow neck?
Choose it when you add or remove solids, use a stirring bar, or need thorough cleaning between runs. For distillation where a small stopper and minimal evaporation matter, the narrow-neck flask is usually preferred.

Can I use a magnetic stirring bar in it?
Yes. The wide opening makes it easy to drop a stirring bar in and retrieve it afterwards with a magnetic retriever.

Which capacities are available?
50 ml, 100 ml, 250 ml, 500 ml and 1000 ml.

Is the neck fitted with a ground-glass joint?
A joint is not specified for this flask. Contact us if your set-up needs a particular joint size.

What warranty is offered?
Warranty terms are given with each quotation; ask us for the current terms when you enquire.

What should I include in an enquiry?
The capacities, quantity per size, delivery location and whether you need matching mantles or stoppers, so we can quote everything together.

Request a Quote

For pricing and availability, contact us or add this flask to your enquiry cart.

Last updated: 24 September 2026

Round Bottom Flask With Two Neck (Product Code: SLE/GFL/15) is a graduated borosilicate flask with two necks finished as standard taper joints, so a condenser and a second fitting — a thermometer, dropping funnel or gas inlet — can be connected at the same time without corks. It is the working vessel for reflux reactions, controlled additions and distillations where the temperature of the contents must be watched. Chemistry departments, pharmacy colleges and research labs buy it from Jain Scientific Equipments Pvt Ltd (ScienceLab), Ambala, alongside the rest of their borosilicate laboratory glassware.

Specifications

Typical Use

A typical set-up places the flask in a heating mantle, fits a Liebig condenser or reflux condenser to one neck and uses the other for a thermometer that dips into the reaction mixture, or for a dropping funnel that feeds in a reagent while the mixture refluxes. Because the connections are ground-glass standard taper joints, the assembly is sealed against vapour leaks and can be taken apart and rebuilt quickly between practical sessions.

The six capacities let a department standardise on one design: 50 ml and 100 ml flasks for student preparations, 250 ml and 500 ml for routine synthesis, and 1000 ml or 2000 ml for demonstrations and scale-up. Apply a thin film of joint grease or use a PTFE sleeve to stop joints seizing, clamp the flask at the neck carrying the condenser, and never heat the apparatus as a closed system.

Manufacturer

The flask is manufactured by Jain Scientific Equipments Private Limited, trading as ScienceLab, an Ambala, Haryana company making glassware and laboratory apparatus. For institutional buyers completing vendor registration, the company’s GSTIN is 06AAECJ8618A1ZT and its LEI is 3358004HRD1JIVXKYX49. Read more on our company profile.

Related Laboratory Equipment

Items used with a two-neck flask to complete a reflux or addition set-up:

• Digital Heating Mantle With Stirrer — heats the flask while stirring its contents
• Liebig Condenser — mounts on one neck for reflux or distillation
• Thermometer Clamp — steadies the thermometer in the second neck
• Boss Head — attaches flask and condenser clamps to the stand rod
• Pear Shaped Flask with Two Neck — a two-neck option for microscale work

See the complete Glassware Flasks line-up for single-neck and wide-neck alternatives.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the second neck used for?
Usually for a thermometer, a dropping funnel or a gas inlet, while the other neck carries the condenser. This lets you monitor or feed the reaction without dismantling the apparatus.

What joint sizes do the necks have?
The necks are standard taper joints; the exact size for each capacity is not given in our current listing. Please contact us with the joint size of your condenser and we will confirm the match.

Which capacities can I order?
50 ml, 100 ml, 250 ml, 500 ml, 1000 ml and 2000 ml.

Do the joints need grease?
For most reflux work a very thin film of joint grease or a PTFE sleeve is recommended, especially with alkaline mixtures that can cause ground joints to stick.

Do you supply against tenders and purchase orders?
Yes. Send the tender or purchase reference, sizes and quantities, and we will provide a quotation together with the vendor details you need.

Is export supply possible?
Yes, we supply institutions and distributors in India and international markets; packing and shipping terms are confirmed in the quotation.

Request a Quote

To receive a price, contact us or add this flask and any accessories to the enquiry cart.

Last updated: 24 September 2026

Flask Tongs (Product Code: SLE/GFL/16) are stainless steel tongs with cork lined rectangular jaws that close around the body of a flask and hold it firmly, whether it is a small 100 ml flask or a large 2000 ml one. They let students and technicians lift hot or wet glassware from a hot plate, tripod or water bath without touching it. A practical accessory for every chemistry bench, they are manufactured by Jain Scientific Equipments Pvt Ltd (ScienceLab), Ambala, and supplied with its lab glassware to schools, colleges and laboratories.

Key Details

Typical Use

After a solution has been boiled on a tripod and gauze or a hot plate, the tongs are used to take the flask off the heat and set it down on a heat-resistant mat, or to swirl it during a titration or dissolution while it is still warm. Crucible tongs, with their narrow pointed tips, are meant for small objects; the broad rectangular jaws of flask tongs spread the grip across the curved glass instead, so a conical, flat bottom or round bottom flask does not twist or slip.

The cork lining cushions the glass and gives a secure, non-scratching contact. Keep the jaws out of direct flame so the cork does not scorch, support large, full flasks from underneath as well when moving them any distance, and wipe the tongs dry after use to keep the steel and cork in good condition.

Manufacturer

These tongs are made by Jain Scientific Equipments Private Limited, the Ambala, Haryana company behind the ScienceLab brand of laboratory apparatus. Visit our company profile to learn more about us.

Related Laboratory Equipment

Other handling tools and the glassware these tongs are designed to hold:

• Beaker Tongs — the matching tool for lifting hot beakers
• Crucible & Beaker Tongs — for crucibles and small vessels
• Conical Flask — a flask regularly heated and handled with tongs
• Flat Bottom Flask, Wide Neck — for heating liquids on a tripod or hot plate
• Laboratory Round Hot Plate — a heat source from which flasks are lifted

Find the flasks themselves in the Glassware Flasks category.

Frequently Asked Questions

What size of flask can the tongs hold?
They grip flasks from 100 ml up to 2000 ml.

Why are the jaws lined with cork?
Cork gives a firm, cushioned grip on smooth glass and avoids the metal-on-glass contact that can scratch or chip a flask.

Can I use them for beakers?
They are designed for flasks. For beakers, Beaker Tongs give a more secure hold on the straight sides and rim.

Can the tongs be held in a flame?
No. The stainless steel will tolerate heat, but the cork lining should be kept away from direct flame.

Is there a warranty?
Warranty terms are confirmed with the quotation — contact us for details.

Can you supply a set for every bench in a school lab?
Yes. Tell us the quantity and delivery location, and we can quote the tongs together with any flasks or beakers you need.

Request a Quote

For prices, contact us or add Flask Tongs to your enquiry cart.

Last updated: 24 September 2026

Flask, Conical, Wide Neck (Product Code: SLE/GFL/17) is a clear 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask in borosilicate glass with a wide neck and white graduations, made to Class B. The sloping conical sides let contents be swirled without spilling, and the broader mouth speeds up filling, pouring and cleaning. It is a versatile conical flask for school, college and testing laboratories, manufactured by Jain Scientific Equipments Pvt Ltd (ScienceLab), Ambala.

Specifications

Typical Use

In titration practicals the wide neck makes it easy to position the flask under a burette tip and to rinse the walls down with a wash bottle as the end point approaches, while the conical shape lets students swirl vigorously without losing liquid. The same flask is used for dissolving solids — powders pour straight in through the broad mouth — for warming solutions on a hot plate with magnetic stirring, and for collecting filtrate beneath a funnel.

The clear glass gives an unobstructed view of colour changes, and the white graduations stand out against most coloured solutions for a quick volume estimate. Heat it gradually, avoid setting a hot flask on a cold or wet surface, and clean it with a brush and laboratory detergent — the wide neck lets the brush reach the base easily.

Manufacturer

ScienceLab is the brand of Jain Scientific Equipments Private Limited, a manufacturer of laboratory glassware and teaching apparatus in Ambala, Haryana, supplying customers in India and international markets. Our company profile has more information.

Related Laboratory Equipment

Items that pair with a wide-neck conical flask in titration and solution work:

• Burette — delivers titrant into the flask drop by drop
• Magnetic Stirrer With Hot Plate — heats and stirs solutions in the flask
• Conical Flask — the standard-neck version for general use
• Conical Flask with Screw Cap — when the contents must be closed for storage
• Polypropylene Conical Flask with Screw Cap — a plastic alternative for junior classes

For other sizes and styles, visit the Glassware Flasks category.

Frequently Asked Questions

What does Class B mean for this flask?
Class B is the general laboratory grade of glassware tolerance, as distinct from the tighter Class A used for volumetric glassware. Graduations on a conical flask indicate approximate volume, so use a pipette, burette or volumetric flask when precise volumes are needed.

What capacity is it?
This wide-neck conical flask is listed in 250 ml. For other capacities, see our standard conical flasks or contact us.

Why choose a wide neck instead of a standard neck?
The wider mouth takes powders and larger funnels more easily, is quicker to fill and pour, and is simpler to clean thoroughly.

Can it be heated on a hot plate?
Yes, the borosilicate glass is heat resistant. Warm it gradually and avoid heating the flask while it is empty.

Is a calibration certificate available?
Please contact us to discuss documentation requirements before placing your order.

Can you supply class sets or export orders?
Yes. Send the quantity and delivery destination in India or abroad, and we will quote pricing and dispatch time.

Request a Quote

Use our contact form for a price, or add this flask to your enquiry cart along with burettes and other titration glassware.

Last updated: 24 September 2026